So say EPC. EPC. Say it, EPC! EPC!说EPC！EPC！说EPC！EPC！&quotI like to say it with pride now, when you do it, do it well, and make sure that it counts. You&#39re not down with a discount.&quot“我喜欢自豪地说出来。如果你要偷情，就尽情地去吧，好好享受这其中的激情全没半点折扣。”You down with EPC? Yeah, you know me!你对EPC无法自拔吗？是啊，你懂的！Now, I had alw

The song is about cheating on your significant other.这首歌是关于出轨的。Now, around the time that this song was in heavy rotation,在这首歌特别流行的时候，biologists were in deep discussion about whether bird species,生物学家们深刻讨论了鸟类，notably songbirds and waterfowl were actually monogamous or not.特别是夜莺和水禽类是否真的是一夫一妻制。See, for

Now, hip-hop song references are a really good tool for teaching content to students from hip-hop culture or urban communities.对于教导嘻哈文化背景下，或城市社区背景下的学生，嘻哈的确是个绝佳的工具。And I use it intentionally to connect to those students, tapping into vocabulary that they already know and systems that they already com

How y&#39all doing? Good. I came here to give you a science lesson大家好吗？非常好。今天我想给大家上一堂科学课，about animal mating systems and why defining monogamy has been a challenge for scientists.关于动物交配体系，以及为什么对科学家来说定义一夫一妻制很难。But you won&#39t need a textbook or to download an online lecture.这堂课你们不需要什么课本，也不需要下载讲座视频。A

&quotIt&#39s OPP, time for other people&#39s what you get it there&#39s no room for relationship, there&#39s just room to ...&quot“OPP就是你眼前的人已经属于其他人，没有机会发展恋爱关系，只有机会发展……”Hit it! How many brothers out there know just what I&#39m getting at?性关系！有多少仁兄知道我在说什么？Who thinks it&#39s wrong because I was splitt

Now, it was so bad that this was the headline of the &quotNew York Times&quot science section, August, 1990.这件事情的影响如此广泛，使它成为了《纽约时报》1990年8月刊科学板块的头条。&quotMating for Life? It&#39s not for the Birds or the Bees.&quot We had to come up with new definitions.“终身厮守？鸟类和蜜蜂才不适用。”我们需要想出一个新的定义。The situation wher

And if the results come out that actually they do, 如果结论是她们真的快乐 are you prepared to shift your instinctive current judgment on some of these issues? 你准备好改变你现在在这些议题上的直观判断了吗？ Well yeah, modulo one obvious fact, 举个真实案例 that you can love someone in the context of a truly delusional belief system.

Now, to say this is not to say that we have got the perfect solution in our own society. 我这么说，并不是说我们的社会有最完美的解答 For instance, this is what it's like to go to a newsstand almost anywhere in the civilized world. 举例来说，现在你到任何文明国家的报摊，都可以看到这样的景象 Now, granted, for many men it may require a degree in phi

But if questions affect human well-being但如果这个问题是影响到人身幸福的then they do have answers, whether or not we can find them.他们是有答案的，无论我们找不着得到And just admitting this -- just admitting that there are right and wrong answers to the question of how humans flourish承认吧，当我们尝试解决人类幸福的问题是可能会有错误答案的will change the way w

A lot of people want to believe in this concept of moral progress.许多人想要相信道德进步的这个概念But can you reconcile that?但是这有可能达到和谐吗？I think I understood you to say that you could我想我了解你所说的reconcile that with a world that doesn&#39t become one dimensional, where we all have to think the same.不要让世界变得只有一种道德，也不需要大家

Does the Taliban have a point of view on physics that is worth considering? No.难道塔利班对物理学的意见也值得我们考虑吗？不。How is their ignorance any less obvious on the subject of human well-being?但他们对幸福的无知和他们对物理的无知有什么不同？So, this, I think, is what the world needs now.现在世界所需要的是It needs people like ourselves to admit tha

There is clearly a range of materials that constitute healthy food.一个健康的饮食方式中有许多不同食物But there&#39s nevertheless a clear distinction between food and poison.但从没有人会把食物和毒物搞错The fact that there are many right answers to the question, &quotWhat is food?&quot当我们问“什么是食物？”的时候，有许多正确答案does not tempt us to say

He likes chocolate, he likes vanilla.他喜欢巧克力，他喜欢香草There&#39s nothing that one should be able to say to the other that should persuade the other.无论跟他们说什么，都不能改变他们。Notice that we don&#39t do this in science.但我们不会这样讨论科学On the left you have Edward Witten. He&#39s a string theorist.左边这位是爱德华·威滕。他是弦理论的专家If y

So, some combustible material there.让我提出一些争议性的问题Whether in this audience or people elsewhere in the world,这里有某些人，或现在在世界上别的角落hearing some of this, may well be doing the screaming-with-rage thing, after as well, some of them.可能有人听见这个，然后愤怒或尖叫。某些人。Language seems to be really important here.语言似乎是个很重要的元素W

In fact, the endurance of religion as a lens through which most people view moral questions事实上，在许久以来，宗教成为人们关注道德的角度has separated most moral talk from real questions of human and animal suffering.让所有的道德议题都和人类和动物的痛苦脱钩This is why we spend our time talking about things like gay marriage这就是为什么我们花费精神讨论同性恋是

And we know that it&#39s possible to move along this continuum我们知道我们可以解决这些持续已久的问题towards something quite a bit more idyllic,走向一个较为理想的状况to a place where a conference like this is even conceivable.像我们现在这样，齐聚一堂，和平讨论And we know -- we know -- that there are right and wrong answers to how to move in this

And so therefore whatever cultural variation there is in how human beings flourish于是不管有多少不同文化对人类的幸福有多少不同想法can, at least in principle, be understood in the context of a maturing science of the mind -- neuroscience, psychology, etc.都可以原则性地以成熟的闹内科学作为理解的办法，神经科学、心理学等等So, what I&#39m arguing is that value

Now, it is the position, generally speaking, of our intellectual community that while we may not like this,普遍来说，我们的学术界是这样想的，虽然我们不喜欢这样we might think of this as &quotwrong&quot in Boston or Palo Alto,我们觉得这样是错误的，在波士顿或帕羅奧多who are we to say that the proud denizens of an ancient culture但我们怎么能说这些古老文化的骄傲后裔a

I&#39m going to speak today about the relationship between science and human values.今日我要讨论科学和人类价值观之间的关系Now, it&#39s generally understood that questions of morality -- questions of good and evil and right and wrong --我们一般认为有关道德问题，善恶对错的概念are questions about which science officially has no opinion.是科学所

And if we&#39re more concerned about our fellow primates than we are about insects, as indeed we are,如果和昆虫做比较，我们比较关心我们自己的物种it&#39s because we think they&#39re exposed to a greater range of potential happiness and suffering.那是因为我们认为我们比昆虫能感受到更大程度的快乐或痛苦Now, the crucial thing to notice here is that this

Now, many of you might worry that the notion of well-being is truly undefined,或许在你们之中，有许多人会担心这所谓的幸福该如何界定and seemingly perpetually open to be re-construed.这似乎没有一定的标准And so, how therefore can there be an objective notion of well-being?而且，怎么可能有一种完全客观的人身幸福的标准存在呢？Well, consider by analogy, the concept of

Science,Good or Evil科学，是善还是恶Science has brought many changes to the whole of society,就我们所知，科学是整个社会发生了变化，especially to our lives in recent years.尤其是近些年来对我们的生活影响甚深。And at the same time the debate regarding the good and evil effects of science同时，关于生活的正面影响和负面效应的争论has gained wide attention.引起了广泛的关注。It is

So the kids give me the words, right? I put it into a narrative, which means that this paper is written in kidspeak.所以孩子们给了这些文字，我把他们改成了叙述文，也就是说这份报告是用孩子的口吻写的。It&#39s not written by me. It&#39s written by Amy and the other students in the class.它不是我写的。是由Amy和班上的其他学生们一起写的。As a consequence, this science

But truthfully, we all spend sort of a big part of our lives just trying not to be gross.但事实上，我们一生中都花费了很长时间试着摆脱恶心的感觉。When you really think about it, we&#39re sort of just like bags of fluids and some weird tissues surrounded by a thin layer of skin.当你们认真思考它时，我们也不过是皮包着骨头的生物罢了--薄薄的皮肤包裹着液体和奇怪的组织。And to

So, this game is very simple. All you have to do is read what you see. Right? So, I&#39m going to count to you, so we don&#39t all do it together.好的，这个游戏非常简单。你们只要把看到的念出来就好了，好吗？ 好，我接着会倒数，这样我们就可以一起念出来了。Okay, one, two, three. Can you read this? Amazing. What about this one? One, two, three. You are not

And while I don&#39t have any concrete data to back up this next idea,虽然目前我没有具体的数据来支持我的下一个想法，I think that for a lot of us, it happens around the time we hit puberty.但我认为对大多数人来说，当我们迈入青春期时，这种情况便已司空见惯。And you know -- yeah, I know. So during puberty, our bodies are changing, and we&#39re sweating more,就

So my idea was born,and I had the project set up and a hypothesis,这就是我的想法诞生的过程，然后，我就有了项目的开展和假说，so what was my next step?那么我的下一步呢？Well obviously I had to find a lab to work at because I didn&#39t have the equipment in my school.很明显的，我要找到一家实验室，因为我在学校没有实验设备。I thought this would be easy,我以为这会很容易，but I e

And after a year and a half of making my show, I can tell you that very often when we explore the gross side of life,从我制作节目以来的一年半中，我可以告诉各位，当我们探索生命中恶心的部分时，we find insights that we never would have thought we&#39d find, and we even often reveal beauty that we didn&#39t think was there.我们经常会获得意料之外的洞察，甚

Hi everyone. I&#39m Shree Bose.大家好，我是斯里·波色。I was the 17-18 year-old age category winner and then the grand prize winner.我是17-18岁组的冠军，也是大奖得主 。And I want all of you to imagine a little girl holding a dead blue spinach plant.我希望你们所有人，想象一个小女孩拿着一个死亡的蓝色菠菜 。And she&#39s standing in front of you and she&#39

It took four months to do the science, two years to get it published.这个科学实验只做了四个月，但要让它发表却花了两年。Typical science, actually, right? So this makes Amy and her friends the youngest published scientists in the world.真是典型的科学，是不是？所以这也让Amy和她的朋友们成了世界上最年轻的已发表作品的科学家。What was the feedback like? Well, it was publi