Now, I could make a game called Piecraft,现在，我可以做一个游戏名为《馅饼争霸》where all you had to do was get a million pies or a thousand pies.在里面你要做的所有事就是得到一百万个馅饼或者一千个馅饼That would be very boring.那会变得很无趣Fifteen is a pretty optimal number.15是个最佳的数字You find that -- you know, between five and 20 is about the right numb

The first one is very simple: experience bars measuring progress首先看一个简单的：用经验值条量度进程something that&#39s been talked about brilliantly by people like Jesse Schell earlier this year.它曾经被人精彩地讨论过，比如杰西谢尔，在今年的早些时候It&#39s already been done at the University of Indiana in the States, among other places.它已经被美国

And I just look at this, and I think, yes,看到这些，我想，是的we could take that so much further by allowing people to set targets我们能可以把它带到更广阔的境界，以让人们去设定目标的方式by setting calibrated targets,以设置校准目标的方式by using elements of uncertainty,以使用不确定因素的方式by using these multiple targets,以使用这些多重目标的方式by using a grand, underl

On the one hand, there&#39s the wanting processes.在一方面，有一个期望过程This is a bit like ambition and drive,有点像野心和驱动力--I&#39m going to do that. I&#39m going to work hard.我要去做那件事，我要努力On the other hand, there&#39s the liking processes,在另一方面，有趣味的过程fun and affection and delight乐趣，感情和愉悦and an enormous flying bea

I love video games.我爱电子游戏I&#39m also slightly in awe of them.也对它抱有些许敬畏I&#39m in awe of their power我敬畏它们in terms of imagination, in terms of technology, in terms of concept.想象力，技术，概念方面的力量But I think, above all,但是最重要的是I&#39m in awe at their power to motivate, to compel us, to transfix us,我所敬畏它们能够激励着，迫

I&#39m a brain scientist, and as a brain scientist,我是一个脑科学家，而作为一个脑科学家，I&#39m actually interested in how the brain learns,我对于大脑是如何学习的很感兴趣。and I&#39m especially interested in a possibility of making our brains smarter, better and faster.我尤为感兴趣的是将我们的大脑变得更聪明，更优秀，更迅速的可能性。This is in this context I&#39m go

As you probably know, the neurotransmitter associated with learning is called dopamine.你知道，神经递质伴随学习产生的神经递质叫做多巴胺。It&#39s associated with reward-seeking behavior.它与寻找奖励的行为相关联And something very exciting is just beginning to happen有些非常激动人心的事要开始发生在in places like the University of Bristol in the U.K.,像英国布

Actually, those action video game players have many other advantages in terms of attention,事实上，动作电子游戏的玩家在注意力方面还有很多其他优势。and one aspect of attention which is also improved for the better其中之一得到提高的是能够更好地is our ability to track objects around in the world.追踪周围的物体。This is something we use all the time.这个能

And so I&#39m going to take a few examples from our work.我想要举几个我们在研究中发现的例子。One first saying that I&#39m sure you all have heard这第一个说法，我想大多数人都听说过：is the fact that too much screen time makes your eyesight worse.看太久屏幕会导致视力下降。That&#39s a statement about vision.这是个关于视力的说法。There may be vision scientists a

Now in a sense, when we think about the effect of video games on the brain,从某种意义上来说，我们可以认为电子游戏对于大脑的影响it&#39s very similar to the effect of wine on the health.和酒对于健康的影响很相似。There are some very poor uses of wine.喝酒可能会造成很糟糕的结果，There are some very poor uses of video games.玩电子游戏也是。But when consumed in rea

You all know about multitasking.你们都知道&quot多任务处理&quot(multitasking)。You all have been faulty of multitasking when you&#39re driving and you pick up your cellphone.一边开车一边拿起手机的多任务处理不是明智之举。Bad idea. Very bad idea.非常糟糕。Why? Because as your attention shifts to your cell phone,为什么？因为你的注意力实际上转移到了你的手机上，you a

So this is work from a colleague in Toronto.这个工作是我们一个多伦多的同事完成的。What they showed is that, initially,他们发现一开始参加实验的人的表现you know, subjects perform where they are expected to perform given their age.和他们那个年龄段应有的差不多。After two weeks of training on action video games,玩了两个星期的动作电子游戏以后，they actually perform bett

Imagine that you invented a device想象你发明了一种设备that can record my memories, my dreams, my ideas, and transmit them to your brain.能记录我的记忆、我的梦想、我的想法，并且传到你的大脑。That would be a game-changing technology, right?那将是改变世界的新科技，对吧?But in fact, we already possess this device,但事实上，我们已拥有这样的设备，and it&#39s called human

So I&#39m banging out my story and I know it&#39s good,我要大声地说出我的故事，我知道很好笑and then I start to make it better - by adding an element of embellishment.为了让故事更生动我会加点油、添点醋，Reporters call this &quotmaking shit up.&quot记者们称之为“瞎掰”。And they recommend against crossing that line.他们建议不要逾越那条线，But I had just seen

So to test it, we did the following experiment. First, we took the story and played it backwards.我们用以下的实验来测试。我们先将故事倒过来播放，And that preserved many of the original auditory features, but removed the meaning.这保留了很多原有的听觉特征，但是故事不再具有意义。And it sounds something like that.听起来像这样：And we flashed colors in the t

And we believe that these responses in higher-order areas are induced or become similar across listeners我们认为，听众这些相似的大脑高层次区块反应，because of the meaning conveyed by the speaker, and not by words or sound.是由讲者的语意所触发，并非文字或声音本身。And if we are right, there&#39s a strong prediction over here倘若推论正确，那么我们相当有把握，i

And we think that this alignment is necessary for communication.我们认为有效沟通必须有这样的较准。For example, as you can tell, I am not a native English speaker.举个例子，你们都听得出来英语并不是我的母语。I grew up with another language, and the same might be for many of you in the audience.我在另一种语言环境中长大，你们当中很多人可能也是如此。And still, we can c

So I&#39m banging out my story and I know it&#39s good, and then I start to make it --我大声说出我的故事，我知道很好笑，为了让故事...Suddenly, you can see that the responses in all of the subjects lock to the story,突然间，所有人的脑波响应都随着故事的进展and now they are going up and down in a very similar way across all listeners.而上上下下，波型都

Now, let&#39s take all this information together and ask:现在，综合以上所有信息，我们要问一个问题：How can we use it to transmit a memory that I have from my brain to your brains?我们该如何利用它，把我大脑中的记忆传送到你们的大脑中呢？So we did the following experiment.我们做了下列实验。We let people watch, for the first time in their life,我们在受测者首次观看a TV e

But let me show you cutting-edge robotics.现在我来介绍一下最高端的机器人技术。Now a lot of robotics is very impressive, but manipulation robotics is really just in the dark ages.如今许多项机器人技术已经相当厉害，可是在机器人动作控制方面我们遇到了瓶颈，看不到曙光。So this is the end of a Ph.D. project from one of the best robotics institutes.这是在一个顶尖机器人控制学院里，一个

Quick question for you, Dan. So you&#39re a movement -- (DW: Chauvinist.) -- chauvinist.我问一个简短的问题。所以你是一个运动--（沃：沙文主义者。）--沙文主义者。Does that mean that you think that the other things we think our brains are about -- the dreaming, the yearning,是不是意味着你认为我们觉得让大脑有存在意义的其他事情--那些梦想、渴望、the falling in love and al

So why is it that we move the particular ways we do?那我们为什么用这种特定的模式移动呢？Well let&#39s think about what really happens. Maybe we don&#39t all quite move the same way.来想想真实情况可能是什么。假如我们并不都用同一种模式移动。Maybe there&#39s variation in the population.假如人群中有差异。And maybe those who move better than others have got m

That information is available in the current shot, but there&#39s another source of information not available on the current shot,以上这些信息是实时获得的，但是另一个获得信息的渠道，不是实时获得的，but only available by repeated experience in the game of tennis,而是来自只有通过反复练习网球才得来的经验，and that&#39s that the ball doesn&#39t bounce with

Now I have to admit, these are the worst studies my lab has ever run.现在我要承认，这个是我实验室里进行过的最糟糕的实验。Because the tickle sensation on the palm comes and goes, you need large numbers of subjects with these stars making them significant.因为痒痒的感觉就像昙花一现，所以需要大量的试验者，还只能靠星级来给痒痒的程度打分。So we were looking for a much m

So I am a movement chauvinist. I believe movement is the most important function of the brain -- don&#39t let anyone tell you that it&#39s not true.所以说，我是个运动沙文主义者，我认为运动是大脑最重要的功能，不要让别人告诉你这个观点不对。Now if movement is so important, how well are we doing understanding how the brain controls movement?那么，如果运

I&#39m a neuroscientist. And in neuroscience, we have to deal with many difficult questions about the brain.我是个神经生物学家。在神经生物学研究里，我们需要处理很多关于大脑的难题。But I want to start with the easiest question and the question you really should have all asked yourselves at some point in your life,不过我今天要从这个最简单的问题开始，这个问题

So for example, if you put your hand under a table and try to localize it with your other hand, you can be off by several centimeters due to the noise in sensory feedback.比如说，如果把一只手放在桌子底下，然后在桌子上面用另一只手去对准，最后位置可能相差好几厘米，这就是因为感官回馈里面的杂音在起作用。Similarly, when you put motor output on movement output, it&#39s

And the fundamental idea is you want to plan your movements so as to minimize the negative consequence of the noise.话说回来，我们的基本思路是要找到一种动作方式，能够把杂音带来的负面影响降到最低。And one intuition to get is actually the amount of noise or variability I show here gets bigger as the force gets bigger.并且我们凭直觉就知道我在这里展示的杂音，或者说

What evidence is there for this?那有什么证据支持这点吗？Well there&#39s one very clear example where a sensation generated by myself feels very different then if generated by another person.我们认为其中一个非常明了的例子就是自身产生的动作带来的感觉与他人做同样动作带来的感觉是十分不同的。And so we decided the most obvious place to start was with tickling.我们认为最

But we&#39ve got a problem. Tasks are symbolic -- I want to drink, I want to dance -- but the movement system has to contract 600 muscles in a particular sequence.但在这里出现问题了。动作任务是符号性质的--我要喝水，我要跳舞--但是运动系统需要按特定顺序收缩600块肌肉。And there&#39s a big gap between the task and the movement system.况且有一个巨大的鸿沟横在动作任务